Basic knowledge of CNC lathes (must see)!

With the rapid development of scientific technology and social consumption, mechanical products are becoming increasingly complex, and the demand for the quantity and consumption rate of mechanical products is increasing. In industries such as aerospace, military, and computer, parts have high precision, complex shapes, few batches, frequent corrections, difficult processing, low consumption efficiency, high rest intensity, and difficult quality assurance.
The proactive process of mechanical processing technology is the most important means to adapt to the above development characteristics with intelligence. To address the aforementioned issues, a flexible, universal, high-precision, and efficient active consumer equipment - CNC machine tools - has emerged in this situation. At present, CNC technology has gradually spread, and CNC machine tools have been widely used in industrial consumption, becoming an important direction for the proactive development of machine tools.
1. CNC
1) The significance of CNC:
Numerical control, also known as numerical control, is the abbreviation for numerical order control.
The essence of numerical control is to actively master the mechanical installation and take measures through the digital information (not the changed digital quantity) under the specific processing method. It has the same nature as the sequence control (i.e. sequence control) through the continuous changed analog quantity. Due to the mastery of information in CNC, and the processing of these short messages cannot be separated from a computer, the technique of actively mastering through a computer is referred to as CNC. The numerical control referred to here specifically refers to the numerical control (i.e. machine tool numerical control) used in machine tool processing. In addition, CNC is widely used in areas such as measurement, physical and chemical experiments and analysis, transmission of materials and information, construction, and scientific governance.
2) Classification of CNC:
The installation of NC in advanced CNC machine tools consists of various logic components and memory components, forming a random logic circuit. It is a fixed wiring hardware structure that realizes the CNC function through hardware, called hardware CNC. CNC machine tools implemented using this technique are also called NC machine tools.
Computer Numerical Control, abbreviated as CNC. The modern CNC system is a CNC system that adopts microprocessors or specialized microcomputers. The system sequence (software) stored in memory beforehand is used to master logic, achieve local or partial CNC functions, and connect with peripheral devices through interfaces. This type of machine tool is called a CNC machine tool.
2. Machine Tool CNC and CNC Machine Tool
1) Machine tool CNC
Machine tool numerical control refers to a technique of actively mastering the order, displacement, and speed of various measures of the machine tool by programming tasks through machining sequence, recording their master instructions in digital signals on an information medium, and outputting them to a computer for processing. The object of its mastery is specifically for machine tools and machining, and the machine tools referred to here not only refer to metal cutting machine tools (such as trolleys, milling, planing, drilling, grinding, boring, etc.).
2) CNC machine tools
CNC machine tool is a new type of electromechanical integrated processing equipment that uses digital information to grasp the machine tool and perform active processing according to a given static rule.
Numerical control machine tools are the product of the combination of digital mastery skills and machine tools. Machine tool numerical control skills are achieved through machining techniques such as CNC gantry milling machines. The key to using numerical control skills lies in learning and making good use of numerical control machine tools.
The CNC rate of a country's machine tools reflects the level of its machine tool industry and mechanical manufacturing industry, and is also an important indicator of weighing a country's technological progress. It has significant implications for achieving proactive consumption processes, accelerating technological progress, and slowing down modernization. The prosperous country regards CNC technology as a strategic focus for the development of the mechanical industry, and vigorously promotes and develops CNC machine tools.
3. The application of CNC machine tools
Characteristics of CNC machine tools:
Compared with traditional machine tools, control machine tools have the following characteristics.
1) Highly flexible
Processing parts on CNC machine tools depends on the processing sequence. Unlike ordinary machine tools, it does not require production, changing many molds and fixtures, and does not require frequent adjustment of the machine tool. Therefore, CNC machine tools are practical for places where the processed parts are frequently changed, which is suitable for the consumption of single and small batch products and the development of new products, thereby extending the consumption preparation cycle and saving the cost of a small amount of process equipment.
2) High machining accuracy
The machining accuracy of CNC machine tools can individually reach 0.05-0.1MM. CNC machine tools are controlled according to digital signal conditions. For each pulse signal output by CNC installation, the moving parts of the machine tool move a pulse equivalent (some are 0.001MM). Moreover, the reverse clearance of the machine tool feed transmission chain and the uniform error of the screw pitch can be compensated for by CNC installation. Therefore, the positioning accuracy of CNC machine tools is relatively high.
3) Stable and reliable processing quality
Processing the same batch of parts, using the same cutting tools and processing sequence in the same machine tool under the same processing conditions, the path of the cutting tools is complete and identical, the consistency of the parts is good, and the quality is stable.
4) High consumption rate
CNC machine tools can effectively increase the processing time and auxiliary time of parts. The spindle speed and feed rate of CNC machine tools are large, allowing them to perform strong cutting with large cutting amounts. CNC machine tools are currently entering the era of high-speed machining, and the rapid movement and positioning of moving parts of CNC machine tools, as well as high-speed cutting, have greatly improved the consumption rate. In addition, when combined with the tool library of the machining center, it can achieve continuous processing of multiple processes on a single machine tool, increase the turnover time between processes of semi-finished products, and improve the consumption rate.
5) Improve resting conditions
Before the CNC machine tool is processed, it is adjusted and the output sequence is started, so that the machine tool can actively continue processing until the processing is completed. The operator only needs to perform tasks such as sequential output, editing, part loading and unloading, tool preparation, observation of machining conditions, and part testing. The intensity of rest decreases significantly, and the rest of machine tool operators tends to be intelligent tasks. In addition, individual machine tools are combined, which is both clean and safe.
6) Modernization of Consumer Governance
The processing of CNC machine tools can accurately predict the processing time afterwards, and the tools and fixtures used can be standardized and modernized, making it easy to achieve standardization of processing information. Currently, it has been organically combined with computer assisted design and production (CAD/CAM), which is the foundation of modern integrated production techniques.
4. Development of CNC skills
1) High speed
The CNC system adopts a 32-bit or higher microprocessor, which enables the output, decoding, summation, output and other links of the CNC system to be achieved at high speed, and can improve the accuracy of the CNC system and achieve high-speed and high-precision machining of small sequence segments.
The new CNC system currently under development adopts a 64 bit central processing unit (CPU), which strengthens the interpolation operation function and rapid feed function, realizes high-speed machining, and achieves multi axis control function. Some control axes are 3-15, with a maximum of 24 axes, and the number of control axes can reach 3-6.
2) Multi functional
The CNC system has multiple monitoring, detection, and compensation functions. It also has functions such as tool wear detection, system accuracy and thermal deformation detection, as well as tool life management, tool length offset, tool radius compensation, tool tip compensation, and pitch compensation. Most modern CNC machine tools adopt CRT display, which can display the trajectory of two-dimensional graphics, and some can also achieve three-dimensional black static graphics display. With the help of CRT, the keyboard can be used to achieve functions such as output, editing, correction, and deletion of order. Modern CNC systems have the functions of hardware, software, and fault self diagnosis.
3) Intelligence
In modern CNC systems, adaptive mastery techniques have been introduced. Adaptive mastery skills are techniques that can adjust the characteristics of the task conditions measured during the machining process, and enable the cutting process to reach and maintain optimal conditions.
The development of modern CNC system intelligence is currently important in the following aspects:
① Active detection and centering of workpieces.
② Detection of tool damage and proactive replacement of spare tools.
Management of tool life and tool storage status.
④ Load monitoring, data governance, and training governance.
⑤ Use feedforward to master the function of real-time vector compensation.
⑥ The function of real-time compensation for the expansion and contraction of ball rods and other components based on thermal deformation during processing.
5. Composition of CNC machine tools
Modern CNC machine tools consist of sequence, output and output equipment, computer numerical control installation, servo system, and machine body.